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一提到金融,大家最先想到的恐怕就是银行。不管是转账、存款还是贷款,几乎都得通过银行来完成。这就是我们熟悉的中心化金融。银行,就是那个不可或缺的中心。$ k R7 I$ j+ Y# w4 l% C7 W) }
但有没有一种可能,金融活动可以不再依赖银行这样的中间机构?答案就是DeFi,去中心化金融。
6 g0 }- B. z5 y3 m) g在DeFi的世界里,一切金融操作都在区块链上完成,靠的是提前写好的智能合约自动执行。7 X( O9 D) G4 o
没有柜台、没有信贷员、甚至没有银行,只有代码和规则。3 J; m. I! T5 p3 q
以借贷为例。
" N& [1 {, W5 y0 c$ C, p( u4 K传统世界里,你想向银行贷款,得提交收入证明、抵押房产,签一堆文件,等银行审核通过后才能拿到钱。
+ x1 v9 J5 v. N而在DeFi中,这一切变得像在一个全自动的当铺里进行。你不用面对任何人,只需跟程序打交道。 d6 s& n/ m+ M/ R, i- u0 f) f; u
这个当铺能运转,靠的是下面3个核心部件" M7 Y, X6 @; W
区块链好比一个公开的账本,记录所有交易,谁都不能篡改。比如在以太坊上记录了你的账户下有1000个以太币,你有这1000个以太币才能进行抵押借贷。
6 h+ z! m$ _8 x0 T5 m然后抵押借钱的关键在于,你抵押的资产到底值多少钱。
( ~) _2 |+ |; L3 R4 M传统金融中有专门的人来评估你的房产。在Defi中则依靠Chainlink 预言机,它负责实时汇报外部价格。比如说1个以太币3000美元。( J4 x9 u2 L# `7 d" g1 {
有了区块链和预言机,当铺才知道了你抵押的资产值多少钱。但你能借多少钱,利息多少,钱从哪里来。
8 j; l- t. u/ q. b/ V1 `这些就是借贷协议层,这里就相当于当铺本体,规定了借贷行为的各种规则
2 x. T* s: T+ k; ?典型代表有 Aave 和 Compound。& a9 ]* y7 t A6 Q5 D7 [5 E
比如我们定义了资金池,所有想赚利息的人,把钱存进来的,形成了一个大资金池。这些钱就可以拿去借给别人。" ?9 j& i; a- `3 q" x9 N
你想借钱,就从池子里拿。你存钱进去,就相当于当了债主,能收到别人借钱的利息。
& V$ P9 c: y( o- w你想借100块钱,那你必须抵押价值至少150块的东西,防止你借钱跑了。/ _- O; M. x. l$ W, B
万一你抵押的东西价格暴跌,只值120块了,机器人店员不会打电话催你,会直接把你抵押的东西卖掉,先把100块本金拿回来,保护资金池的安全。这个过程就叫清算,对你来说很无情,但对存钱的人来说很安全。& C8 c( A1 L! ]$ U
这些零零散散的借贷协议,保证了当铺的运作。' ~; T: b* @! K0 f% P
DeFi不是虚无的概念,它正在重构我们对金融的认知。当然,它仍处于早期阶段,高收益往往高风险,特别是智能合约漏洞和资产波动可能导致资产直接归零。
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