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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 + _4 h& C$ ~3 D, @ D8 t
$ P) T) Z7 |2 ]* C; d% r- f天朝博弈史 g" q% M, } O& X+ E" [( s) ^
% T* ]8 ]; {3 X. x x3 G博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 3 D3 K& Z: S- |
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
: w C: l- f7 D _《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 ) @; ], c0 d3 c
/ n0 L2 ]0 s& x& b5 j: g& O# B, l0 k3 }8 o; }2 W6 {9 s, w5 y
→春秋战国
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
. F+ m3 B" T3 Z! {" ]《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 ; y ^% F. }) L9 Z3 C9 O0 J) t
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
* O" B$ j( C* k4 z w# T. O《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。6 a: ~8 t# v2 |$ E0 {/ ?1 n* R0 L$ N
6 d$ @- g: g5 v$ B- }7 t《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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! Q& D0 l. _' s2 M1 \→汉朝
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛 e1 k' e" u" G3 E9 r* i
0 R0 T2 Y2 G& o u$ Y) |1 Y: V→% s. i9 M" x# H& P
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晋朝# d/ ]- ]: ^, M+ e+ o
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
' [0 p4 I3 L" k+ t9 M→
x- ]- \% g/ k% v+ ?0 ]
$ Q; G/ i/ y- b& p( S6 C Q唐朝9 |9 D% ^0 j. \, E: G7 B! f0 w; N
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →2 i' ~: W$ q0 N7 h; B! T
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宋朝
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
+ e% o! W0 p9 _3 N' T/ g w苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。5 @+ R( D$ c( y: o& Z: B& [
! e n8 `, ]+ u7 s) a& g《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
8 A4 h, E5 H% ~& m; S' x' O 7 p, m0 X+ C. e2 U" }
→
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辽、金
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9 j5 R3 Y& q0 m) f辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”3 \4 V! H3 ?7 d( ]4 R0 `
( b( Y' c* g* h( Q0 X/ \2 q→
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" {+ S, m: x% S; C6 u. O
明朝5 n6 l+ A9 X$ r$ R) |! t2 {/ R
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明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。/ c9 |" r7 |% a- Q) B8 T! R
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3 e J0 V$ Q, y# h4 F+ s( {清朝
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( s6 q9 {3 _, q' n+ F7 D2 Y《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 " q/ ~$ q$ f6 z M2 U+ Y$ H
: g7 H" Z- k I康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
2 o( ]; n3 a$ R咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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# [3 s5 _3 K5 x; M洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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. q5 d3 R2 ~0 G- m汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 ! K# q+ ` Y, T5 l
, X& I' h! A7 o- n$ a. i& l蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 ; F5 E( g4 S7 q1 r' ~5 o! ~
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”& T) W! a5 a8 [7 x5 }/ k
( K' ~$ g- P5 y7 C! {' K光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” h, Q: H; c1 \; Z- {7 @) |
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中华民国
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/ P$ h9 p+ v; B7 b5 I8 x" k* f鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
2 E9 o! r' W1 N1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” : ~) s3 w$ {/ t( X/ M: k5 W7 H
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