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【案情】. t& x+ e; H, C
姜某以自己为投保人和受益人,以丈夫胡某为被保险人,与某保险公司签订了身故保险金为3万元的终身保险合同。保险合同中约定:被保险人因违法、故意犯罪或拒捕、故意自伤、醉酒、斗殴造成人身伤害或身故的,保险公司应免除保险责任。合同生效后,胡某在追讨其借给张某的2万元赌资时,与张某发生口角,被张某用钢管击中头部,经抢救无效死亡。之后,胡某之妻姜某在多次向某保险公司索赔未果的情况下,将某保险公司诉至法院,要求某保险公司给付保险金3万元。
4 Z* [+ ?* V6 O4 }" `0 G& r4 A6 S 【分歧】
5 h& k I* Z7 ` {. D 本案在审理中,对保险公司应否承担理赔责任,有两种不同的观点: 第一种认为,应驳回姜某的诉讼请求,理由是:胡某之妻姜某与保险公司签订的保险合同明确约定被保险人从事违法行为而导致身故的,可免除保险公司的保险责任。第二种认为,应支持姜某的诉讼请求,理由是:虽然胡某借给张某赌资具有Dubo性质,属于违法行为,但导致胡某死亡的真正直接原因并非是胡某提供赌资而被张某杀害,即,胡某追讨赌资的行为与其被杀的损害结果之间没有内在的、必然的、合乎自然规律的联系,不具有法律上的因果关系。所以,保险公司不能免除自身的保险责任。 [table]$ O- n( L3 p5 u! `' j
[tr][td][/td][/tr]1 S* J0 Z! K9 C% k7 l
[/table] F/ i/ u6 _- n5 Y- e+ n
【评析】! ]5 X2 l M: v. k: D
笔者同意第二种观点。
3 J r: N+ D1 e 本案的争议焦点是胡某追讨赌资的行为与其被杀身亡之间是否存在因果关系,这就涉及到保险业中的一项基本原则——近因原则。对于近因原则,我国现行保险法并没有直接规定,但在司法实践中,近因原则是判断保险人应否承担保险责任的一个重要标准。
. ] P$ G5 f5 p' H6 R# f" e/ l 所谓近因原则,是指危险事故的发生与损失结果的形成须有直接的后果关系,保险人才对发生的损失承担理赔责任的一项原则。实践中,引起损失的原因可分为单一原因和多种原因两种情形。多种原因,是指保险标的损失由两个或两个以上的原因所致。
2 V' }3 J8 M! t1 T4 ] 认定近因和保险责任,主要分三种情况:一是多种原因同时发生导致的损失。该种情况中,如果同时发生导致损失的多种原因属于保险责任或责任免除的,则保险人应负全部的或不负赔偿责任;如果同时发生导致损失的多种原因不全属保险责任,则应严格区分。对不能区别保险责任和责任免除的,可以协商赔付。二是多种原因相继发生导致的损失。该种情况中,如果相继发生导致损失的多种原因属于保险责任或责任免除范围的,则保险人应负全部或不负赔偿责任;如果相继发生导致损失的多种原因中的前因属于责任免除且为近因,后因属于保险责任的,保险人不承担保险责任;反之,后因属于近因,则保险人承担保险责任。三是多种原因间断发生导致的损失,该种情况中,由于在间断发生的原因中,有一种新的独立的原因介入,使原有的因果关系链断裂,并导致损失,则新介入的独立原因是近因。如果近因属于保险责任范围的事故,则保险人应负赔偿责任;反之,则保险人不负赔偿责任。
; ~. E# Z- B# E! S" R$ a( f 本案中,胡某的死亡显然不是单一原因所致,而是由追讨赌资和被张某所杀两个原因相继发生导致。即胡某追讨赌资是前因,张某痛下杀机的犯罪行为是后因,这两个原因是相继发生且前后衔接的。那么,追讨赌资的行为和张某的犯罪行为,哪个原因是引起保险事故发生的最直接、最有效、起决定性作用的因素?这就需要用近因原则来判断。而本案胡某追讨赌资时,张某如果没有产生杀人的动机,并采取相应的暴力手段,而是如数交付,就不会导致胡某身亡。即,张某实施的犯罪行为并不是胡某追讨赌资直接的、必然的结果。也即,胡某追讨赌资的行为与其的死亡后果仅存在事实上的因果关系,无法构成法律上的因果关系。因此,胡某追讨赌资的行为作为前因不具备近因的条件;相反,真正导致胡某死亡的近因则是作为后因的张某实施的犯罪行为。故此,张某的犯罪行为不属于保险公司的免责范围,保险公司仍应承担理赔责任。 |
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