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熊市会放大任何一个可能的利空,这次轮到stETH。
8 L2 w% x2 A' _; F) e6 s" c5 q从上周五开始,市场上关于stETH脱钩清算的恐慌情绪持续蔓延,这其中很大一部分源于对stETH的不了解。对此,本文整理出关于stETH的8个常识,以降低大量误解带来的不必要影响。
# g5 `5 `+ Q7 H5 ` s01 $ o9 z. y& s; U4 c3 N4 @! ^( s9 D3 w
stETH不会是下一个UST
! A7 N1 c8 [ N/ v! `& F8 FstETH是质押在以太坊信标链上的ETH,且完全由信标链上的ETH1:1支持,即1枚stETH=1枚质押中的ETH。
: X& n; [) [7 K- ^当以太坊合并完成,且信标链开放提现功能时,用户持有1枚stETH可以兑换1枚ETH,因此任何将它与UST等抵押不足的稳定币的比较都是错误的。
0 J$ c9 ~* }: i: w$ o02 # N( ~9 N+ D6 U
stETH不是GBTC # z) q. Z3 q0 g# d' X9 T' _
stETH是一种ERC20代币,在不断发展的DeFi生态系统中有很高的实用性。
; z, s$ @8 ^2 t1 T# z' ]3 p它自带一个原生的收益率,这是你单独持有ETH所不能获取的。市场里有很多人都愿意为此承担套利风险。 ! V$ O) {% z9 Z9 ^ H
03
I7 I. s `7 ?) a- U3 OstETH价格不一定与ETH挂钩
9 W3 }% o# A8 w' HstETH与ETH并没有一个固定的挂钩率,无论二级市场的估值如何,它都会继续被质押。 $ j1 s# o' T2 Z4 _* H e
现在能在二级市场上将stETH换成ETH只是为了方便,但同时你也会得到市场对它的估价。 ! f7 p) q+ I- l4 t* \
04 ! S+ ?( V3 C$ @ }6 `/ Z4 D- d! ?
stETH存在套利机会 . k W. ?# I, O2 q3 { `8 l
一般来说,只要存款没有上限,stETH就不会以高于1ETH的价格交易。
0 X( K0 U6 z. x$ d, {2 I' J- T因为其中存在套利:
. [8 N" r$ V/ ]3 k* Q如果1stETH=1.05ETH,那么我可以将1ETH存入Lido,得到1stETH,在二级市场以1.05ETH的价格出售,获利0.05ETH,这种方式也会推低stETH的价格。 ( j' g) ~2 J6 K/ ]# r1 v8 f
当stETH的赎回开放后,市场有一个奏效的套利方式: : S) c1 O$ g( N+ Y( y" [
如果stETH以0.95ETH交易,那么我可以用0.95ETH买入1stETH,然后将其赎回1ETH,获得0.05ETH的利润,这种方式会推高stETH的价格。
1 @2 X% T0 O6 q, U H5 G05
8 B. g6 {3 m0 v1 b1 z即使合并,赎回仍要等6-12个月 4 \7 j4 f: L& A5 U+ F" L( o
需要注意的是,以太坊合并之后,需要等待状态转换的分叉,这可能需要6-12个月,此时的stETH仍然无法从信标链中赎回ETH。赎回开放后,信标链上还有一个赎回队列,一次可以取消质押的ETH数量是有限制的。 0 E5 v/ S9 G* G9 J
06 B8 i! X# \8 s& |6 g8 z) ?/ W5 |* G
影响stETH价格的四大因素
- \/ e3 w4 |, |' G% Q! j* `! I4 h有多种原因使stETH暂时高于/低于其抵押品价值,其中包括但不限于:
% m2 r8 m3 j8 j4 d5 a$ j0 {( @0 u) B; ]流动性溢价风险 Lido协议风险 信标链推迟风险 杠杆玩家清算风险
1 [5 c% n9 w' ~( R5 I07 * |6 p1 T# H/ h* e4 @* j
引发stETH清算的原因 / W/ I. F, K) ?6 L$ y# M
杠杆清算风险是当前引发恐慌的最大原因。
) C; R% p5 n r: k/ C: x. h前面提过,stETH是一个ERC20代币,可以在DeFi生态系统中用作抵押品,人们将stETH作为抵押品存入Aave,借入ETH,存入Lido以获取stETH,然后再重复这一过程。 + O. t! g- F6 S. n) i
因此,如果人们继续在二级市场上卖出stETH,这些杠杆头寸可能会被清算,从而导致更大的清算级联。目前较大的做市商/操纵者已经退出,但仍有一些留在这里。 + i, |( |% o8 a& f0 s' L
 2 ~4 i( \, y" R) v9 h. s
Celsius可能会也可能不会遇到流动性问题,但他们持有大量的stETH被用作借入稳定币的抵押品。如果出售,这肯定会导致stETH的二级市场价格下降。
u { i( e2 V% a3 q所有这一切的另一面是,无论二级市场如何评价stETH,stETH仍然被信标链上的ETH以1:1的比例支持。
) Q/ a; V9 H3 f$ v' u" B根据您的时间偏好和风险承受能力,在低价时入手stETH会提高一定的收益水平。 - H* D9 c. ^- A, o8 D F
例如,如果1stETH的交易价格为0.70ETH(也就是30%的折扣),并且以太坊抵押收益率保持4%的APR。在以太坊成功合并且开放赎回功能的这两年里,你将获得38%的APR,而不是普通质押者8%的收益率(以太坊质押不会自动产生复利)。
! v9 m: ^! a# l08 ( H7 p+ O7 n+ z9 v8 U% Q9 O# f8 S
3-5%的负溢价是正常的 1 ?+ M4 e8 k% ~4 |1 }! U5 I! ]/ n {
那么,是否值得为了收益率而去冒Lido漏洞和流动性不足的风险?
8 C6 @# s% E+ U2 F! y7 y不是每个人都能接受,但某些套利者一定会做。虽然清算级联很惨,stETH的二级市场价格暂时不会是1:1ETH,但这并不会导致死亡螺旋。
0 M" Y5 U& n1 q+ K+ R0 g0 h* Q8 Z& B我认为,等这波恐慌过去后,stETH可能仍会以低于抵押品价值的价格交易,可能是3-5%的负溢价,这在很大程度上取决于市场情绪。但无论如何,信标链将继续,DeFi会继续,Lido也会继续。 $ @3 T* a7 | s, m. M# \
来源:金色财经 |
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