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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 ) d* r# o* \; G8 M2 n, y7 E0 p8 Y
4 Y: O4 y! v0 X: E5 S; K天朝博弈史
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* L$ @ @/ o5 v0 F( D博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 8 v# S$ R6 R* d+ F" ] ?4 o
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” * f0 m' q2 s6 v) O" D
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 ! _. O1 X e% A! @- x( S
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→春秋战国8 d1 o! J; p+ p( h6 Y( k
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 2 K. d/ u3 _' ^+ C0 E
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
0 c' y5 Z6 R c《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
3 P; f# w! P/ g8 l《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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3 |' O# Z& F6 t( W" P8 n→汉朝' Z, ?- R8 C" x5 S
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, R7 |0 Q/ j# C1 j汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛( S! w+ a; [) \% U$ s4 v
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晋朝6 ]: I2 e3 [9 k- e& d5 O! ?
! c6 S; Q0 h& q% O! M东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” ) W3 v1 O3 G+ B, c& }7 p
→
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0 R! O. R: C& D8 g3 q8 |唐朝
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5 N9 J3 ]2 N: s. G- j, l |唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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宋朝
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 2 J5 y/ W; l; h. Z$ R
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。% z8 o* L5 N3 e
# }6 ]) o6 J, i( N2 V5 }
《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”$ p$ K3 |$ E6 T8 ~: r
( ~ i% B) {2 X: `7 l! w→6 K& X+ `% b' N5 F4 \7 K
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辽、金
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1 t" j9 R; A; a辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”" e* Q: q. N% o" D
0 C0 j! Z. Z8 Q→
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0 L) G& i; i+ a/ f5 i明朝; @3 @; }" y; P9 H- m4 V
. g" A3 h5 F( s8 K2 |) l- P. W' k* Z明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。4 {0 K' m( p T
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% o& w8 X% E+ |清朝
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 ' m1 D; M* j2 e" H6 ?: M
5 T9 e. K( |# ~* ^! A6 `康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 ~" p, O9 n/ F: _+ O7 o4 e
* n3 P9 i; [8 `雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
3 W) U% q1 q" ~) W- k' G6 W: U咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。* a' n5 G2 @$ H/ v" B+ x4 `
1 p% [2 V% l, \洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 3 o* e5 l7 `8 L1 J$ y! X
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 , D1 p# s9 s! B0 q( y
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”) K1 ^, r0 A! b: p6 i% Q# n' \
: `$ F1 O7 ?* ]/ B) W- a) W, `/ Y光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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; w$ {( \; O; p中华民国
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” 0 \0 P7 R* O+ C
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” 4 C9 l# c( Z4 D4 p: h
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