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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑
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- ]7 E ~4 @! e) ?" \/ [天朝博弈史
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 ( H3 q Q2 a2 T$ e0 M
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
7 g8 \$ _4 X" |% T8 k" }《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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→春秋战国
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. S: I# U2 X7 | v! K4 q《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 ) u9 i" d, \( M6 Q
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
# p0 h( x9 [& D: Q& t# p《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
- P i0 Z: M! v7 W- S《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。. M1 _- Z$ V3 Q
4 b; i- A( g0 Z8 k: m/ E《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 - t; e7 }* C- j' T9 R! U
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→汉朝4 F. d _% |8 l
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- q* Q& o6 f, K% r汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛& G$ `7 w# a% ^9 N4 |6 O
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晋朝; x& w( L3 I& |- c
g r$ a2 I8 Z- C+ c+ \- t7 x1 e0 P东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” + R+ U( m7 P L6 J
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3 Q3 y1 ~6 S/ N- C唐朝1 X7 c, z$ I) Q8 F
$ q" G, D. S2 w8 q唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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. g3 s h# @% K0 }) W- U宋朝/ n8 J- i1 r" y* k( L- t8 w
% r1 Y/ I4 M2 Y北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
( n9 a0 L" H- g( G5 M苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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) j+ d7 Z% Q: V' O辽、金
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”4 W4 g2 T9 x' |$ ?1 V+ k3 y
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9 @. r9 z9 Y( ^$ X5 l明朝% R3 `; a1 s9 J
9 V+ G/ D! Y+ ?
明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。$ w+ }7 v( b, K; I" w, C
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清朝
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 ( x3 I3 o* f* x, H
. H% F9 y% b3 f4 g+ _- ]康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 $ q+ W% a" C+ m# u. m: c. m
2 R$ B2 m5 g8 I8 F9 G- O雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” % b( F1 c d& c N8 N9 U
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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6 W7 D" g# B+ z+ v. D) H洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 8 H$ a) m; U) @
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 " c7 C6 r a$ E# f
1 [7 y/ I* d/ K2 {蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。6 h, c; S" @4 b# d
" B1 |6 R7 z p6 P张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
" f# a5 ]: w2 |" r" v6 X吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”4 c& t+ m. Z; ~7 j
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” 7 ~6 G1 ?8 h( X" X
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中华民国
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# H2 j+ F# O& ]5 d( G5 N0 f$ p6 v# q" k鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” , ]" q5 X% g/ R: r$ v2 }# n) `- E7 [
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” ! ^$ E% n$ i' y" ^4 t) v
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