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天朝博弈史$ F8 Y0 v0 w6 Y W! O5 H% K
7 Y9 V E5 c5 d$ S6 x7 q0 H0 t. ~博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 ! v, `6 x6 P. _# R. s
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” 4 B& \. B* x! l, q; {/ K6 }4 _3 _( E+ l
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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9 _: P P# m. B4 m5 C→春秋战国1 m! S$ Y- Q4 E
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 - m, h$ x s$ @4 W( V4 u
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
3 E% B9 q$ s! _9 J8 m《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
: c0 G5 o; x0 j- X0 c9 `《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。# H, Z. k- a' {5 o. d) t, s5 c
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 0 T! x, \$ M, d* D$ c
& R0 e7 T, \9 r/ R; s) c→汉朝& K& a! z! m' D$ |6 I
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5 ]1 A) c V- P2 r4 Q汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛& B! ^- ^1 m3 z2 X" o
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→
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* k; W3 h5 A5 r$ t) M晋朝- W' g6 d B# ?" U1 q
8 J; C1 V( L0 }% i% r0 n8 c& @0 i! U东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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: a! V. e- x* l$ C7 K( Y% R唐朝% N. f# L9 J/ I- {! |3 a4 V4 p5 n+ J- B
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →" H' m' ^8 v) K3 V# o
3 h" }1 O) p* M0 j3 j2 L1 \0 `宋朝
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& b+ W5 ^ ` y4 V北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
; h7 `/ Y( A, T/ t% D) [/ e! r苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。1 e0 w D, W- E i
% u: }# @/ h r6 Z$ f: K1 [6 ]《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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→
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辽、金
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9 p' F6 ]8 _: g$ w" u1 C; J辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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明朝2 |: W9 z7 W# j2 X" T& v7 K- M
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明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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清朝
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0 f7 R( X+ Z6 [7 b* U. L《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 8 s; j" b; ~& r& M
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康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
7 L$ a4 f- A, X* j) y. J咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。9 d" O9 ]2 F! G. J
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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! i$ @7 \$ v+ c# L/ A* h$ N# q汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 * `7 c2 u4 K. ?4 h, r1 }: ~
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 0 n# Z) x" G6 o3 o4 g0 A. Z
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”) c# s# y0 }* c. H5 }, [5 ]& O
2 A! o& ]1 q% Z# t' _1 K2 R( L光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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r5 _- h! \ c, C/ T$ j( n鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
7 j) X4 r; P% L+ Y1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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