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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 7 W0 Y0 V0 I( p+ Z$ j
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天朝博弈史
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' M# B: D& [% o8 m/ h博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 ! b" D( J2 I$ l b) ?; V* z
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” ! U4 E! C4 L# y
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 & J, M& a+ X* [% e4 d
% \ N3 [. G+ }1 o1 @# [9 j$ c$ V4 j0 g+ v* \ d
→春秋战国" J8 Y& _( G3 Y, ^2 j7 t
; ]2 H/ N" k; p# r《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 @4 U6 w( `% C% m" N I+ P5 C
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 9 D: B8 S( ]. T" X* G
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
3 t+ M- l. z2 U8 `* z5 G; o5 C《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
7 ]' X' `( q4 S, t/ z , B7 {% ?) J* l# @
《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
, j0 }$ e. X1 Y% e
- d( K- I. J& V8 \→汉朝
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛" q8 P2 m, E$ Y! h
5 \8 ~8 A0 g. ], z2 i→
3 s' r, }, _$ ]0 h4 e- ]9 A8 E" [* U2 P. L* j6 ]% a6 W
晋朝& f' L7 Z+ Q1 {' v6 J
4 _$ _9 t: _2 g1 s5 ^1 m3 v东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” 3 [' q/ X: Q# H- x4 p9 ^8 `/ @
→
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* N7 J( f0 R) p2 ~$ T6 V唐朝
; Y" D+ [, D3 q Q' Q; m. G. D+ }/ ?! N* v3 Y; p( o4 `
唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →! n x" b& u9 {5 _0 y% ~4 E+ z
+ e7 ~ I+ \, Q4 _
宋朝) k2 d7 E' u3 S. ^7 f
2 l6 j6 d; e1 Z0 u% m# q+ r
北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
9 D( {: C* [6 O苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。1 |& H& P0 M2 a# t
$ ~1 e& O8 v2 g/ r6 a) ]# Y《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”0 E# q, x4 g1 F$ K& i4 u! S
$ B% O1 n' g# U2 c4 v- _→# ~2 S8 ^$ E4 j) I- E
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辽、金
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”9 _0 z3 c& k2 {# r, x
( ~, j2 d$ U% e, b5 D! H6 Y- G5 ~→& L0 j. Z+ G0 @/ i" f
8 l- J# n6 k9 `8 P' f
3 @) G5 ^# }5 T7 |& C- Y明朝
7 n' r/ V( z" y: W) s( D1 }0 A8 X' D$ p! S( J% I6 {6 E/ G8 v7 j
明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。& I4 ^) S/ x& F
2 |9 {' e/ n; M0 ?# M' R0 [→
8 \ C& O) j3 }) e2 U$ @7 a8 d9 p6 B2 d& ^& M
7 V) i; m2 ?1 {, H清朝
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9 u5 d) w0 g4 e0 [7 ^/ M5 t1 h4 p5 v《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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& I6 X6 U7 r: `康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
* h# g E( ~) {% }- k% y3 p" Z
雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。9 D3 L# m) G, h$ ]9 a: Q4 U R
) `* N, q2 J$ ]6 N清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
# p1 b% f4 _% r: |咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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4 O& |' V. I$ o) M3 G3 c# {, G洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
# \* B; ]* t) i4 v
/ i. K3 ]8 S4 D" R0 W5 P6 ]4 X. w* U汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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* J( [7 Z: J7 l! A同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 6 c6 ~4 R3 J6 ^$ ^8 ]# U
) Q0 @ y* R2 O7 \5 G( a# f蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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2 j0 v! F7 T# Z: b, t5 [张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
2 {: e+ | t2 h) x3 X, y: Y0 _吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”6 N( K4 ]0 {: H+ H' x3 c' V3 `
0 I" K$ v2 T/ ^+ B- M) D光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” * l" f: i0 m( ~/ a' }" b
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3 A; f2 h3 K4 Z" i) _鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” - H ^. i/ E3 W; [3 Z
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” . D3 f# m# w, Y3 y+ E
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