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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 5 ^5 Y; t" ?' x" n* F7 e" N" z) M
% N+ w2 K0 H/ u& m2 Z. K' \; V% p天朝博弈史/ U5 `7 M5 C9 \% Y
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 2 O0 ~% |* f& Y+ ~; n9 I
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” 6 Y* s y. A4 I1 D. s% v1 X
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 , I! M- Y$ t: X) J
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% i/ P5 e0 e4 G* R1 i→春秋战国
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 ' i9 R4 P! C$ e2 l; ?
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
* G% W3 q8 a( N$ `+ q. w9 ]/ Z) r《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” / N+ y! ~+ f f6 ]1 Z+ b
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。- ?* i ~0 k6 e' H5 [
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 ( O+ s( e1 [" d. j7 `) l7 h- K
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→汉朝, e& u. {* \9 ^" p( z
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
) Q4 l: v8 |5 k1 b7 h- Q( H, m5 ? & C( T4 g1 S3 D: h
→7 t |1 d b% g
8 j$ |& n% \2 T1 i1 x4 {晋朝
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” / O; Y F# m0 L
→
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7 P( K; C, X2 D4 I$ a" q唐朝. i6 a8 S7 t5 O) M7 h2 `3 H
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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6 M7 n- T3 t/ M' N: q6 d8 \宋朝
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 . T. F7 F# o3 X+ |! X
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。1 x3 I) \( i* Y
) ?2 ^+ d7 U8 W7 Q8 c7 s' I《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”5 ]( ]6 n3 b; N: B2 R( ]
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8 r/ p* D4 V' C8 T辽、金+ ^* E2 H2 J9 {! C
! c3 |, Q5 [3 q9 J; i. P# G辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。” m x; p0 M' g/ g( g
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% o. ~( D v8 `6 q; L, K+ B0 H明朝 f7 H9 N, n: V1 J6 X
, m% Q! t# q9 h% }* N( D+ @* _9 U明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。/ w! J3 x. N# g* o
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清朝
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 $ f- b+ k; |5 {* a2 y
0 n! z$ K7 [9 x6 b/ Y2 u康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 9 ~( G& A9 {0 O. H
5 _' ? ]( c) h# t$ N8 y- C4 u雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。9 R6 O/ {! ?" q
! U( P8 O* g/ g清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
1 o* \7 O; `' c! {0 V! S+ s咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。# k! _7 V* ]9 X) ?
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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. C9 Y# M" O q2 F8 z$ q) D同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 9 n1 N$ u& b: r$ `* Q, i
' A: }$ s& K- f7 [% t2 h蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
' J2 d# D" k3 ^2 g% G吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”; L. G# g' m) r
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” 6 O/ S9 e/ a( b$ ? }) R' i4 v
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” 6 p7 p" `8 V" c3 l2 a, Y
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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