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- w% P, O( P9 p3 C O天朝博弈史2 P1 }0 f1 o9 T; q
6 Z4 r! c: Y6 P# ?8 t1 q博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 7 U" Q/ p; r. h# T( d( z. a' \/ W$ j
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
% u- R* U$ O& H: P# G( U* s《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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→春秋战国
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 + v" c. l) _$ A3 h$ z+ U3 V
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 . P7 e7 j. @, o1 M1 J0 R
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
" E3 r5 d2 p! X T《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。! u8 C6 D6 C. q+ \8 D( u+ L6 a9 p
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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→汉朝
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: P2 J8 I2 P4 Z$ v" _6 C' h汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛( @; u& i0 z/ ]3 t6 _
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→
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$ X8 Q. Y. M" X3 B( P& i; W晋朝
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
8 L7 g" |1 k' B% S# ]1 [→+ F2 S- @$ b* f3 e5 Z$ H2 v& Y' T
0 S( l& E' Q- _! }' s, F唐朝& |' p' ?0 B b5 G- N$ P
1 M, g# \ A: l4 x5 D
唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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宋朝
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
( t! f( @/ a8 P/ ^9 h/ Y7 ]苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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( w0 @. q9 D$ `0 f5 c→% t }2 D6 O5 z) j2 c" z T+ h) Q
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辽、金' D+ Y- L3 T# R1 A
8 Z3 v0 ^( N( Y3 J辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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7 R; o* O# H- F" p明朝
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- h% k) N% K. O明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。( ~) N+ z: ?* P& L/ g7 r
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3 b$ M/ B1 v1 K8 f$ \* v8 G清朝
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 + W: {, O. T& ?
i/ ~6 Y3 ]5 @4 z' F康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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" `, Y* S9 x1 ?/ R- t: d1 B, ~1 F Z雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。" I6 u9 s4 Z8 f2 l% Q
- G8 g1 |( {/ l8 k& B% ^6 G+ z清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” * E) U' q1 X. g4 \
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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1 G8 A& \. u: c洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 " t8 D8 B" U6 h" Y; P5 M) I9 D) E
$ _6 v' l% f _1 @1 X( X汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 ) R4 M$ t4 t F1 \2 s/ ?
, m$ J* r: t z) n, M3 J, w1 D& x同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 / U. ?- I) s- ?& B5 b
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。1 @2 B% O5 z H: N
! R' m! `; S8 ^- q张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
* Y: S8 y/ w' |9 _* K! a* p8 w吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”% C8 N% b5 t& }3 A+ V% b0 P& D8 T
" B7 p- X1 T5 B' W$ K+ e* ^光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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' L1 L$ Z: P: M% F- {+ F# d3 \鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” 4 z n# _. m! }& b1 N9 N) O& d
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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